{"id":5944,"date":"2026-05-13T07:54:06","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/?p=5944"},"modified":"2026-05-13T07:59:15","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:59:15","slug":"secretarial-audit-insight-series-edition-5-rpt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/secretarial-audit-insight-series-edition-5-rpt\/","title":{"rendered":"Secretarial Audit Insight Series Edition 5 RPT"},"content":{"rendered":"

Related Party Transactions (RPTs) lie at the intersection of business strategy and governance, often attracting close regulatory scrutiny due to their potential to influence corporate decision-making and shareholder value. While such transactions are not inherently improper, lack of transparency or inadequate compliance can raise significant concerns regarding fairness and accountability. This edition of the Insight Series explores the regulatory framework governing RPTs under the Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI (LODR) Regulations, supported by perspectives from ROC, RD, and SEBI adjudication orders. By examining these legal precedents and enforcement trends, we aim to derive practical insights that professionals and corporates can adopt to strengthen governance and mitigate compliance risks.<\/p>\n

Statutory Landscape of RPTs: Companies Act & SEBI Regulations<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Statutory<\/p>\n

Companies Act, 2013<\/strong><\/p>\n

Section 188 of the Companies Act, 2013<\/strong> sets out the approval process a company must follow when it enters into certain transactions with its related parties. These transactions typically include buying or selling goods, transferring or acquiring property, taking or giving property on lease, providing or receiving services, appointing agents for such transactions, appointing a related party to an office or place of profit in the company (or its subsidiary or associate), and underwriting the company\u2019s securities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Applicability u\/s 188 (1)<\/strong><\/td>\nSection 188 applies when a company enters into specified transactions with a related party, including: Sale\/ purchase\/ supply of goods, Transfer\/ leasing of property, Availing\/ rendering of services, Appointment of agents, Appointment to office\/place of profit and underwriting of securities.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Definition of Related Party <\/strong><\/p>\n

[Defined under Section 2(76)]<\/td>\n

\u201cRelated Party\u201d, with reference to a company, means\u2014<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0director<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0or his\u00a0<\/strong>relative<\/strong><\/a>;<\/p>\n

ii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00a0KMP<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0or his\u00a0<\/strong>relative<\/strong><\/a>;<\/p>\n

iii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a firm<\/strong>, in which a director,\u00a0manager<\/a>\u00a0or his\u00a0relative<\/a>\u00a0is a partner;<\/p>\n

iv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a private\u00a0<\/strong>company<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in which a\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0manager<\/a> [or his relative]\u00a0is a\u00a0member<\/a>\u00a0or director;<\/p>\n

v.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a public\u00a0<\/strong>company<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in which a\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0manager<\/a>\u00a0is a\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0and holds along with his\u00a0relatives<\/a>, more than 2% of its\u00a0PSC<\/a>;<\/p>\n

vi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 any\u00a0<\/strong>body corporate<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0whose\u00a0BODs<\/a>,\u00a0MD<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0Manager<\/a>\u00a0is accustomed to act in accordance with the advice, directions or instructions of a\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0or manager;<\/p>\n

vii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 any person<\/strong> on whose advice, directions or instructions a\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0manager<\/a>\u00a0is accustomed to act.<\/p>\n

(Provided<\/strong>\u00a0that nothing in sub-clauses (vi) and (vii) shall apply to the advice, directions or instructions given in a professional capacity)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Approval Requirements<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 Board Approval<\/strong>: Mandatory for all RPTs<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 Shareholder Approval (Ordinary Resolution)<\/strong>: Required if thresholds exceeded<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Approval Thresholds (as per Rule 15)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nShareholder approval is required if the transaction value exceeds:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sale, purchase or supply of any goods or material >10% of turnover<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 selling or otherwise disposing of or buying property of any kind \u226510% of net worth<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leasing of property of any kind >10% of turnover<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 availing or rendering of any services >10% of turnover<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 monthly remuneration >\u20b92.5 lakh per month<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Underwriting >1% of net worth (Turnover\/Net worth based on last audited FS)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Voting Restrictions<\/strong><\/td>\nRelated parties cannot vote<\/strong> on such resolutions, unless<\/strong> 90% or more of shareholders in number are related parties.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Exemptions from Section 188(1)<\/strong><\/td>\nApproval not required:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nothing in contained in this subsection shall apply if the transaction is in ordinary course of business and<\/strong> at arm\u2019s length price. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Requirement of passing the resolution under first proviso shall not be applicable for transactions entered into between a\u00a0holding company<\/a>\u00a0and its WOS whose accounts are consolidated with such\u00a0holding company<\/a>\u00a0and placed before the shareholders at the general meeting for approval.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Disclosure Requirements u\/s 188(2) and 134<\/strong><\/td>\nParticulars of Contract and arrangement with RPTs referred u\/s 188(1) to be disclosed in the Board Report using Form AOC-2<\/strong> with justification.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Post-Facto Ratification<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sec 188(3)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Transactions done without required approval must be ratified within 3 months<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Failure to do so: Transaction becomes voidable<\/strong> at Board’s\/ shareholder\u2019s option, and directors\/employees concerned must indemnify the Company<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Penalties <\/strong><\/p>\n

[Section 188(5)]<\/td>\n

Any\u00a0director<\/a>\u00a0or employee of a company, who had entered into or authorised the contract or arrangement in violation of the provisions of this section shall,\u2014<\/p>\n

(i) in case of\u00a0listed company<\/a>, be\u00a0liable to a penalty of Rs. 25 lakh;\u00a0and<\/p>\n

(ii) in case of any other company, be\u00a0liable to a penalty of Rs. 5 lakh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Key Compliance Requirements under Regulation 23 \u2013 SEBI (LODR) Regulations, 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Policy on RPTs <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(1)]<\/td>\n

Every listed entity is mandated to formulate a Board-approved policy<\/strong> on:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Materiality of related party transactions<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dealing with RPTs, including clear threshold limits<\/p>\n

Such policy must be reviewed and updated at least once every 3 years<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Materiality Thresholds <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Reg. 23(1) read with Schedule XII<\/td>\n

A transaction shall be considered material<\/strong> if its value (individually or with prior transactions in the FY) exceeds the threshold provided in Schedule XII of these regulations:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Note: For listed entities which has listed its securities on SME exchange, the transaction shall be considered material, if exceeds Rs 50 crore or 10% of the annual consolidated turnover of the listed entity as per the last audited financial statements.<\/u><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Audit Committee Approval<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(2), 23(3)]<\/td>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All RPTs and subsequent material modifications require prior approval of the Audit Committee<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Audit Committee Members who are independent directors shall approve the RPTs<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Audit Committee must define “material modifications” in the policy<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RPTs of subsidiaries (even if listed entity is not a party) require Audit Committee approval if value of transaction exceed lower of the following:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10% of standalone turnover of subsidiary, or<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Threshold of material RPTs of listed entity as per regulation XII.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Omnibus Approval<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(3)]<\/td>\n

The Audit Committee may grant omnibus approval for repetitive RPTs, subject to:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defined criteria aligned with RPT policy<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AC to satisfy itself w.r.t. the need of such approval<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maximum validity: 1 year<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Periodic review of RPTS entered into pursuant to such omnibus approval (at least quarterly)<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If details not foreseeable: limit of \u20b91 crore per transaction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ratification of RPTs <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(2)(f)]<\/td>\n

RPTs not pre-approved can be ratified by independent Audit Committee members within 3 months or in the next meeting (whichever is earlier)<\/strong>, provided:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Value shall not exceed \u20b91 crore<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Not material as per sub-reg. 23(1)<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Justification for non-approval submitted<\/p>\n

If not ratified: transaction voidable at Audit Committee’s option. Concerned directors must indemnify the company.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Shareholders’ Approval <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(4)]<\/td>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All material RPTs and material modifications require prior shareholders\u2019 approval by resolution<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No related parties shall vote to approve<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No approval needed if RPT is with a listed subsidiary and Reg. 23 & 15(2) apply to that subsidiary<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For related party transactions of unlisted subsidiaries of a listed subsidiary as referred above, the prior approval of the shareholders of the listed subsidiary shall suffice.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Exemptions<\/strong><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(5)]<\/td>\n

RPT provisions under Reg. 23(2)-(4) do not apply to:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transactions between two public sector companies<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transactions between a holding company and its wholly owned subsidiary (WOS)whose accounts are consolidated with such holding and placed before the shareholders at general meeting for approval;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transactions between two WOS of a listed holding company and placed before shareholders of listed entity for approval<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Payments of statutory dues, taxes, charges, etc. to Government<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transactions between public sector companies and Central\/State Government.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Disclosures <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[Reg. 23(9)]<\/td>\n

Listed entities must:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disclose RPTs every six months<\/strong> at the time of publishing standalone and consolidated financial results<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Publish disclosures on their website<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High-value debt listed entities must disclose along with half-yearly results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Remuneration and sitting fees paid by listed entity or its subsidiary to directors\/KMPs\/senior management (excluding promoter group) are exempt from disclosure if not material.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

When Compliance Fails: RPT Penalties by Regulators<\/strong><\/p>\n

Regulatory scrutiny around related party transactions<\/strong> has intensified in recent years. The Registrar of Companies (ROC)<\/strong> has been increasingly vigilant in enforcing compliance with Section 188 of the Companies Act, 2013<\/strong>, particularly in relation to disclosures in the Board\u2019s Report through Form AOC-2<\/strong>. This heightened focus is evident from the growing number of adjudication orders issued by various ROCs across the country<\/strong> for lapses in approval and disclosure requirements.<\/p>\n

At the same time, SEBI has also taken a strict view<\/strong> of non-compliance in listed entities, with several orders highlighting deficiencies in approvals, disclosures, and governance around related party transactions under the SEBI framework. Together, these regulatory actions underline the importance of robust internal controls and transparent reporting when dealing with related parties.<\/p>\n

Non-compliance Snapshot<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S. N.<\/strong><\/td>\nCompany<\/strong><\/td>\nAdjudicating Authority & Order Date<\/strong><\/td>\nSection Breached<\/strong><\/td>\nNature of non-compliance<\/strong><\/td>\nPenalty Imposed (includes penalty for other defaults)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nMartin Windfarms Private Limited<\/td>\nROC (Tamil Nadu) \u2013 Order dated 28.03.2024<\/td>\nSection 188 read with Section 134(3)<\/td>\nFailure to disclose related party transactions in the Board’s Report for the F.Y. 2017-18<\/td>\nOn company – 1.5 Lakh;<\/p>\n

On each director \u2013 Rs. 15,000\/-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2<\/td>\nSpiegel Enterprises Private Limited<\/td>\nROC (Karnataka) \u2013 Order dated 28.03.2025<\/td>\nSection 188(2)<\/td>\nFailure to disclose justification for RPTs in Form AOC-2 (2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20)<\/td>\nRs. 7.5 lakhs each on two Director<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nStanley Lifestyle Limited<\/td>\nROC (Karnataka) \u2013 Order dated 25.03.2025<\/td>\nSection 188<\/td>\nThe Company entered into multiple related party transactions without proper authority. (FY 2015-16, 2016-17)<\/td>\nRs. 25 lakh each on MD & WTD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nUmrit Exports and Investments Pvt. Ltd.<\/td>\nROC (Karnataka) \u2013 Order dated 20.02.2025<\/td>\nSection 188 read with Section 134(3)<\/td>\nNo AOC-2 attached for FY 2016-17 & 2017 -18 with the Board of Directors Report;<\/p>\n

Also, incomplete form AOC-2 was attached with the Board Report w.r.t. FY 2018-19 as many columns were left blank<\/td>\n

Company \u2013 Rs. 9 lakhs;<\/p>\n

Employee \u2013 Rs. 1.5 lakh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

5<\/td>\nWatai Electronics Pvt. Ltd.<\/td>\nROC (Uttar Pradesh) \u2013 Order dated 26.02.2024<\/td>\nSection 188<\/td>\nThe Company entered into related party transactions in respect of sale, purchase or supply of goods or material with the consent of the Board of Directors, however, the transaction value was more than 10% of total turnover of the Company, which necessitated the shareholder approval.<\/td>\nRs. 5 lakh each on two directors<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

6<\/td>\nKudos Finance and Investments Pvt. Ltd.<\/td>\nROC (Maharashtra) \u2013 Order dated 09.02.2024<\/td>\nSection 188(1)(f)<\/td>\nDate of board meeting approving RPT not mentioned in AOC-2 (FY 2020-21). Also, as per the reply received in this matter, it was mentioned that no board meeting was held to approve that transaction.<\/td>\nRs. 5 lakh each on 3 directors and CEO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nAdani Power Ltd.<\/td>\nROC (Gujarat) \u2013 Order dated 16.05.2023<\/td>\nSection 189 read with Section 188<\/td>\nNon-entry of RPT details in register of contracts u\/s 189 (Form MBP-4; FY 2017-18 to 2019-20). The Company submitted that all the transactions were at arm\u2019s length basis and in ordinary course of business. However, the presiding officer submitted that the Company has not furnished the documentary evidence related to transactions in ordinary course of business and arm\u2019s length basis.<\/td>\nRs. 75000 each on three Directors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nKarma Energy Ltd.<\/td>\nSEBI \u2013 Order dated 31.03.2025<\/td>\nRegulation 23(1), 23(4) of LODR<\/td>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to take prior shareholders\u2019 approval for material RPTs entered with TEPL;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to update RPT Policy.<\/td>\n

Penalty of \u20b9 2,00,000 imposed on the Company<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nLinde India Ltd.<\/td>\nSEBI \u2013 Order dated 24.07.2024<\/td>\nRegulation 23(1), 23(4) of LODR<\/td>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 Failure in obtaining shareholders approval for material related party transactions undertaken with Praxair India Private Limited.<\/td>\nNo monetary penalty; remedial directions issued.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nMajestic Auto Ltd.<\/td>\nSEBI \u2013 Order dated 07.06.2024<\/td>\nRegulation 23(2), 23(4) of LODR<\/td>\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to obtain prior audit committee approval for RPTs;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 Failure to obtain prior shareholder approval for material RPTs.<\/td>\n

Penalty of \u20b97,00,000 imposed on the Company<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*Reference: orders of ROC, RD (Ministry of Corporate Affairs) and SEBI<\/em><\/p>\n

Insight<\/strong><\/p>\n

The adjudication orders make it abundantly clear that regulators adopt a zero-tolerance approach<\/strong> toward lapses in Related Party Transaction (RPT) compliance. Most of the penalties do not arise from fraudulent intent, but from procedural lapses<\/strong>\u2014such as missing disclosures in AOC-2, absence of shareholder approvals, incomplete justifications, or failure to obtain omnibus approval of the Audit Committee. Yet, these lapses have attracted significant penalties on both companies and individual directors\/KMPs<\/strong>, underlining the personal accountability imposed by law.<\/p>\n

The learning for corporates is unambiguous: RPT compliance is not a box-ticking exercise<\/strong>. It requires robust internal systems for identification, timely approvals, accurate disclosures, and documentation of arm\u2019s length justification<\/strong>. For listed entities, the stakes are even higher with SEBI\u2019s enhanced monitoring and mandatory shareholder oversight. The message is simple\u2014when in doubt, disclose and seek approval<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

CS Suresh Pandey<\/strong><\/p>\n

Practising Company Secretary<\/strong><\/p>\n

SPG AND ASSOCIATES<\/strong><\/p>\n

9968300649<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coming Up in Edition 06: Private Placement of Securities<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Disclaimer: This content is intended solely for research and knowledge-sharing purposes among professionals, based on information available in the public domain. It is not intended to malign any individual or entity, nor should it be construed as a solicitation or used for any commercial or promotional purpose. The views expressed do not constitute a legal opinion or professional advice. While utmost care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the content, no responsibility is accepted for any errors or omissions. Readers are advised to verify the information independently from official and original sources before taking any action based on the same.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Related Party Transactions (RPTs) lie at the intersection of business strategy and governance, often attracting close regulatory scrutiny due to their potential to influence corporate decision-making and shareholder value. While such transactions are not inherently improper, lack of transparency or inadequate compliance can raise significant concerns regarding fairness and accountability. This edition of the Insight […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3572,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[],"year_tax":[],"month_tax":[],"class_list":["post-5944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-audit"],"acf":[],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/accounting-project-thumb-6.jpg",356,205,false],"list":["https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/accounting-project-thumb-6.jpg",356,205,false],"medium":["https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/accounting-project-thumb-6-300x173.jpg",300,173,true],"full":["https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/accounting-project-thumb-6.jpg",356,205,false]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5944"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5946,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5944\/revisions\/5946"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3572"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5944"},{"taxonomy":"year_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/year_tax?post=5944"},{"taxonomy":"month_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digiwic.in\/spgindia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/month_tax?post=5944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}